OOP (object oriented programming)What is the class?What do you mean by object?What are the differences between class and object?Can you create an object without using new operator in C#?What is constructor and how many constructors can have one class?Differences between constructor and method of the class? What is default constructor?What is parameterized Constructor in C#?What is private constructor: In what instances you will declare a constructor to be private?What is static constructor, Is it possible to have a static constructor in class. If yes why we need to have a static constructor?Does C# provide copy constructor for an object? 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What are the Static fields and methodsWhat is Static ReadOnly?What are the limitations of static?What is readonly? What’s the difference between constant and read-only?What is this keyword?What is base keyword?What is the difference between this and base keyword?Can “this” keyword be used within static method?What are the accessors?What is the static class? Why we need of static class?If someone wants to create static class then what are the rules for the static class?What are the limitations of using static keyword?What are finalizers in c#?How to create N number of instances of C# class?What are the Nested Classes and why we use them?What are the basic four pillars of OOP?What is the Inheritance and why we need of inheritance?How do you inherit a class into other class in C#?What is the concept of base and derive class?What are the different types of inheritance?We have two classes’ base class and child class. A is the base class and B is the child class, If we create an instance of child class then which class’s constructor called first?Does a derived class can inherit the constructors of its base class?What should we do that if we create an object of child class then the parameterized constructor of base class must be invoked?As we know that base constructor invoked first when we create instance of child class but if we create an instance of child class by parameterized constructor and base class has both default and parameterized constructor then which constructor of the base will be invoked?Can you assign an object of derived class to the variable of base class and if both have the same method name then which will be invoked?Can we create instance of base class and store it to derive class?Can we create derive class object inside base class, and if create instance of child class then what will happen?Can we inherit child class from 2 base classes? if yes then how? If not then why?Does C# support Multiple Inheritance?Why multiple inheritance is not supported in C# and why it’s supported in C++?How is multiple inheritance achieved in C#?What are Access Modifiers? Explain private, public, protected, internal, protected internal access modifiersWhat are the default access modifiers of the class?Why classes cannot be declared as protected?Can we declare private class in namespace?What are the valid access specifier used for the declaration of class at namespace level? If we inherit a class, do the private variables also get inherited?Can you prevent your class from being inherited?Can you prevent your class from being inherited without using sealed keyword?What is abstraction?What is encapsulation?What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?What is polymorphism?What is static or compile time polymorphism?What is runtime polymorphism or late binding or dynamic binding?What is method overloading?When and why we should use overload methods?What is inheritance based overloading?What are the advantages of using overloading?Can we overload the method in the same class?What is the execution control flow in overloaded methods?What is method overriding?What s virtual keyword?What are the key points to make the method as overridden?When it is must to override the method?When a derived class can overrides the base class member?Can we declare fields inside the class as virtual?When we treat sub-class method as an overriding method?Can we override private virtual method in c#?Can we override method in the same class?Can we execute parent class method if it is overridden in the child class?If we have virtual in base class and the same method is overridden in child class, by creating instance of child class and assign it to base class, then which of the method will be invoked first.What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?What is method hiding?Can you access a hidden method in the derived which is declared in the base class?What is the difference between method overriding and method hiding?You have a component with 2 parameters and deployed to client side, now you have changed your method with 3 parameters, how can you deploy this without affecting the client code?What is operator overloading?What is abstract class and why we need of it?What are the rules of abstract classes?What is an abstract method?What is concrete method?When do you use abstract class in C#?When to use the abstract method in C#?

How many different ways to create an object of the class?

There are 5 different ways to create an object of the class.

1. By using new() keyword:
Using the 'new()' keyword is the most straightforward approach for creating an object of a class. Consider the following example of a class called Student:


public class Student
{
   public Student()
   {
      //default constructor
   }
   public string Id { get; set; }
   public string FirstName { get; set; }
   public string LastName { get; set; }
   public void TakeExam()
   {
      //some code here
   }
}

Now, we create the object by mentioning the class name, followed by the object name, and then utilizing the 'new()' keyword. Subsequently, we use this object 'obj' to invoke the 'TakeExam()' method.


Student obj = new Student();
Obj.TakeExam();
Similarly, you can create multiple objects of the 'Student' class using the same approach.

2- Delegate object creation by DI container:
Delegate object creation by a Dependency Injection (DI) container refers to the process where the responsibility of creating objects is delegated to the DI container instead of creating them explicitly in the code.

In a DI container, you register the types and their dependencies, and the container takes care of resolving and creating instances when they are needed. This decouples the creation and management of objects from the rest of the application, promoting better separation of concerns and improving testability and maintainability.

Here's an example of how you can use a DI container, such as Microsoft's built-in DI container in ASP.NET Core, to delegate object creation:


// Example of a service interface
public interface IMyService
{
    void SomeMethod();
}

// Implementation of the service interface
public class MyService : IMyService
{
    public void SomeMethod()
    {
        // Some logic here
    }
}

// In the composition root (startup class for ASP.NET Core or Main method)
public class Startup
{
    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        // Register the MyService implementation with the DI container
        services.AddTransient();

        // Other service registrations if needed
    }
}

// In the consuming class (controller, service, etc.)
public class MyController
{
    private readonly IMyService _myService;

    // Dependency injection through constructor
    public MyController(IMyService myService)
    {
        _myService = myService;
    }

    public void SomeAction()
    {
        // Use the _myService instance
        _myService.SomeMethod();
    }
}
In this example, we use the built-in DI container of ASP.NET Core to register the 'MyService' implementation of 'IMyService'. When the 'MyController' class is constructed, the DI container automatically resolves the dependency and provides the 'IMyService' instance through constructor injection.

By using DI container to delegate object creation, you can take advantage of the container's features, such as managing the object lifetime (transient, scoped, or singleton), handling constructor parameter injection, and managing complex object graphs. This promotes cleaner and more maintainable code, as you can focus on defining dependencies and their lifetimes in one place (composition root) rather than scattered throughout the codebase.

3. Create an object by using reflection:

There are two ways to create instance of the class using refelection:

Student obj = (Student)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(Student));
obj.TakeExam();

// Create an instance of the Student class that is defined in this assembly.
System.Runtime.Remoting.ObjectHandle oh =
Activator.CreateInstanceFrom(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().CodeBase,
typeof(Student).FullName);

// Call an instance method defined by the Student type using this object.
Student st = (Student)oh.Unwrap();
st.TakeExam();

4. Get an object from object pool:
Rather than creating new objects each time, we can also retrieve objects from an object pool. To achieve this, we pre-create objects using the new keyword or reflection, ensuring that the object creation happens only once. These pre-created objects are then kept in the pool and reused as needed.


int arraySize = 100000;

//Get an array from the object pool
int[] arr = ArrayPool.Shared.Rent(arraySize);

//Use an array
//some code here

//Return array to pool
ArrayPool.Shared.Return(arr);

5- Creating an object by de-serialize it:
The final approach for object creation involves deserialization. In this scenario, we start with serializing an object into binary, JSON, XML, or any other format. Subsequently, we deserialize the serialized data back into an actual object.

Let's consider an example where we have a 'Student' class and we aim to create an object using deserialization from serialized data.


class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
       var std = CreateStudentObject();
    }
      
    staic Student CreateStudentObject()
    {
       using FileStream fs = new FileStream("SerializedPerson.dat", FileMode.Open);
       BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
       Student student = (Student)formatter.Deserialize(fs);
       return student;
    }
}