What are Programming Languages?Types of softwaresC IntroductionC HistoryC FeaturesC ApplicationsCharacter set, ASCII TableC Programming Language Standard
Turbo C++ editor installationExploring the Turbo C++ EnvironmentC Hellow world programHow a C Program ExecuteCompilation process in C
C #include statementC Displaying OutputC Reading input from the terminalC Data typesC VariablesC Variable Naming ConventionsC ConstantsC Identifiers & Naming RulesC LiteralsC CommentsC KeywordsC Type QualifiersC TokensC Format SpecifiersC Escape SequencesC preprocessorASCII value in CStatic in CWhat are Compiler ErrorsWhat are Compiler WarningsWhat are Linker ErrorsWhat are Runtime ErrorsWhat are Logical ErrorsCompile time vs RuntimeC program to displays your name  C - Basics Practice Test.1  C - Basics Practice Test.2  C - Basics Practice Test.3  C - Basics Practice Test.4  C - Basics Practice Test.5
C Arithmetic OperatorsC Assignment OperatorsC Relational OperatorsC Logical OperatorsC Increment & Decrement OperatorsC Conditional or Ternary OperatorC Bitwise OperatorsC Type CastingC Sizeof OperatorC Comma OperatorC Operators Precedence and AssociativityC ExpressionsC Evaluation of Expressions  C - Operators Practice Test.1  C - Operators Practice Test.2  C - Operators Practice Test.3
Input-Output Library FunctionsNon-Formatted Input and OutputCharacter Oriented Library FunctionsFormatted Library FunctionsMathematical Library Functions  C - Input-Output Functions Practice Test.1
C ifC if-elseC nested if-elseC if-else-ifC switch-caseC if vs switch-caseC LoopsC while loopC do-while loopC while vs do-whileC for loopC for vs WhileC Nested LoopsC Jump Control structuresC break statementC continue statementC goto statementC continue vs goto statementC return statementC goto vs return statement  C - Control Statements Practice Test.1  C - Control Statements Practice Test.2  C - Control Statements Practice Test.3
C FunctionsC Advantages of Using FunctionsC Function PrototypeC Basic Function DesignsC Programs Using FunctionsC ScopeC Local Variable and Global VariableWhy int main() return 03 Place to declare functionsC RecursionC Base Condition in RecursionC Iteration vs RecursionC Stack Overflow Error in RecursionC Nested functionsC Variable Length Number of ArgumentsC Parameter Passing – Call by value and Call by RefC Passing Strings to FunctionsImplementation of square() functionImplementation of factorial() functionImplementation of pow(x, n) functionImplementation of reverse(int) functionImplementation of countDigits(int) functionImplementation of palindrome(int) functionImplementation of primeNumber(int) function  C - Functions Practice Test.1  C - Functions Practice Test.2
What is Array?One dimensional ArrayAccessing element of 1D arrayReading and displaying elementsPrograms on 1D ArraysTwo Dimensional ArrayAccessing Element of 2D ArrayReading and Displaying ElementsPrograms on 2D ArraysPassing 1D arrays to FunctionsPassing 2D arrays to FunctionsThree Dimensional Array  C - Array Practice Test.1  C - Array Practice Test.2
Strings in CStoring StringsC The String DelimiterC String Literals (String Constants)C Strings vs. CharactersC Declaring and Initialization of StringsC Strings and the Assignment OperatorC String Input Functions / Reading StringsC String Output Functions / Writing StringsC fscanf() and fprintf() FunctionsC Single Character Library FunctionsC String Manipulation Library FunctionsC Programs Using Character ArraysC Array of StringsC Programs Using Array of Strings  C - Strings Practice Test.1  C - Strings Practice Test.2
Pointers in CUnderstanding Memory AddressesDeclare and Initialize Pointer VariablePointer Operators in Csizeof() Operator in CPointer Advantages and DisadvantagesDereferencing/Redirecting Pointer VariablesPointer Declaration versus RedirectionConst Pointer in CVoid Pointer in CNull Pointer in CC Pointer CompatibilityArray of PointersPointer to PointerPointer ArithmeticC Functions Returning PointersC Pointer to FunctionPointers and One-Dimensional ArrayPointers and Two-Dimensional ArrayPointers and StringsDynamic Memory Allocation Functions  C - Pointers Practice Test.1  C - Pointers Practice Test.2  C - Pointers Practice Test.3
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History of C

The C programming language has a rich history that spans several decades. Here is an overview of the key milestones and developments in the history of C:

  1. Origins in B Language (1960-1970):

    Imagine it's the 1960s, and computers are still pretty new and clunky. Back then, a smart computer scientist named Ken Thompson was working at Bell Labs. He was creating an operating system called Unix for these computers, but there was a problem. Each computer used a different language, which made it tough to move Unix from one machine to another.

    To solve this problem, Ken Thompson and his colleague Dennis Ritchie decided to create a new programming language. They called it "C." It was a language that could work well on different computers, making it easier to move Unix around.

  2. Development of C (Early 1970s):
    Dennis Ritchie was the main brain behind C. He took the language to the next level. He added features like data types and functions that made it super useful for writing software. In 1972, they released the first version of C.
  3. First C Compiler (1972):
    The first C compiler was implemented on the PDP-11 computer. This marked a significant milestone as it allowed C programs to be compiled and executed on a computer.
  4. Standardization (Early 1970s-1980s):
    The development of C continued, and it gained popularity for system programming, especially in the Unix operating system. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, C underwent standardization efforts. The first standardized version of the C language, known as "K&R C" (named after Kernighan and Ritchie), was published in "The C Programming Language" book by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1978.
  5. ANSI C (1983-1989):
    In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to standardize the C language. This effort resulted in the ANSI C standard, published in 1989. ANSI C introduced several new features and clarified the language's specifications.
  6. C89/C90 Standard (1989):
    The ANSI C standard of 1989, often referred to as C89 or C90 (based on its publication year), became widely adopted and formed the basis for C programming.
  7. ISO C (1990):
    The ANSI C standard was adopted as an international standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1990. This version is commonly known as ISO C.
  8. C99 Standard (1999):
    The C99 standard, officially called "C Standard" or "ISO/IEC 9899:1999," introduced several new features and improvements to the language, including inline functions, variable-length arrays, and more extensive standard library support.
  9. C11 Standard (2011):
    The C11 standard, officially known as "ISO/IEC 9899:2011," brought additional features like multi-threading support, generic selection, and improved Unicode support.
  10. C17 Standard (2018):
    The C17 standard, officially named "ISO/IEC 9899:2018," was a minor update to the C11 standard, fixing some issues and clarifying specifications.
  11. C23 (Expected):
    There are ongoing discussions and developments for the next version of the C standard, tentatively referred to as "C23." It aims to introduce further enhancements and improvements to the language.

C has had a profound impact on the field of computer programming. It is widely used for system software, embedded systems, application development, and more. Its simplicity, efficiency, and portability have contributed to its enduring popularity and influence in the world of programming languages.

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