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C - Declaring and Initializing Strings

In C, you can declare and initialize strings using character arrays or pointers to characters. Here are the common ways to declare and initialize strings:

Using Character Arrays:

char myString[] = "Hello, World!";

In this example, we declare a character array myString and initialize it with the string "Hello, World!". The size of the array is determined automatically based on the length of the string literal.

Specifying the Size of Character Array:

char name[20];  // Declare a character array with a maximum size of 20 characters
strcpy(name, "John");  // Assign the string "John" to the character array

In this case, we declare a character array name with a maximum size of 20 characters and then use strcpy to assign the string "John" to it. Be cautious not to exceed the array size to avoid buffer overflows.

Using Pointers to Characters:

const char *message = "Welcome to C!";

Here, we declare a pointer to a constant character message and initialize it with the address of the string literal "Welcome to C!". The string literal is stored in read-only memory, and the pointer points to it.

Character Array Initialization with Loop:

char greeting[14];  // Declare a character array
for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++) {
greeting[i] = "Hello, World!"[i];
}
greeting[13] = '\0';  // Null-terminate the string

In this example, we declare a character array greeting and use a loop to copy characters from the string literal "Hello, World!" to the array. We manually add the null character '\0' to terminate the string.

Reading Input from the User:

char userInput[50];  // Declare a character array to store user input
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", userInput);  // Input a string and store it in userInput

Alternatively, to read a whole line with spaces:

char userLine[100];  // Declare a character array to store a line of text
printf("Enter a line of text: ");
fgets(userLine, sizeof(userLine), stdin);  // Read a line of text with spaces

These are common ways to declare and initialize strings in C. Remember to null-terminate the strings properly to ensure they are correctly treated as C strings.

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